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3/26/2025

Rape Key Legal Principles and Analysis






Criminal Appeal No. 964/J/2023 Nazar Hussain and another Vs. The State کے اہم قانونی نکات درج ذیل ہیں:

1. جنسی جرائم کی رپورٹنگ میں تاخیر

  • عدالتوں نے تسلیم کیا کہ جنسی زیادتی کے کیسز میں رپورٹنگ میں تاخیر معمول کی فوجداری مقدمات جیسی نہیں سمجھی جا سکتی۔
  • خوف، صدمہ، شرم، عزت کا مسئلہ، طبی معائنے کا دباؤ، یا لاعلمی تاخیر کی ممکنہ وجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں۔
  • عدالت تاخیر کو کیس کے خلاف منفی طور پر نہیں دیکھتی جب تک کہ حالات کسی اور نتیجے کا تقاضا نہ کریں۔

2. چانس گواہ کی قانونی حیثیت

  • چانس گواہ وہ ہوتا ہے جو کسی خاص وجہ کے بغیر موقع پر موجود ہو۔
  • اس کی گواہی مشکوک سمجھی جاتی ہے جب تک کہ وہ اپنی موجودگی کی معقول وضاحت نہ دے۔
  • اگر چانس گواہ کا بیان اعتماد پیدا کرے اور دیگر شواہد سے ہم آہنگ ہو، تو اس کی گواہی قابل قبول ہو سکتی ہے۔
  • عوامی مقامات پر جرم کی صورت میں راہگیر چانس گواہ تصور نہیں ہوتا۔

3. ڈی این اے رپورٹ کی قانونی اہمیت

  • مثبت رپورٹ: ملزم کے جرم سے تعلق کا مضبوط ثبوت، بشرطیکہ سائنسی اصولوں پر عمل کیا گیا ہو۔
  • منفی رپورٹ: اگر میچ نہ ہو، تب بھی ملزم بری نہیں ہو سکتا کیونکہ کنڈوم کا استعمال، غیر اخراجِ منی، تاخیر، یا آلودگی جیسے عوامل اثر انداز ہو سکتے ہیں۔
  • غیر نتیجہ خیز رپورٹ: جب نمونہ ناکافی یا خراب ہو، تو عدالت کو دیگر شواہد پر انحصار کرنا پڑتا ہے۔

4. دفعہ 375 تعزیراتِ پاکستان – ریپ کی تعریف

  • قانون کے مطابق معمولی دراندازی (penetration) بھی ریپ کے زمرے میں آتی ہے، چاہے منی کا اخراج ہو یا نہ ہو۔
  • متاثرہ کی جسمانی خودمختاری اور عزت کی پامالی کو زیادہ اہمیت دی جاتی ہے، نہ کہ نطفے کی موجودگی کو۔
  • سائنسی ثبوت نہ ہونے کے باوجود دیگر شواہد کی روشنی میں جرم ثابت ہو سکتا ہے۔

5. بچوں کے ساتھ زیادتی کے مقدمات کی پیچیدگی

  • ان کیسز میں متاثرہ اکثر واحد گواہ ہوتا ہے، خاص طور پر جب مجرم قریبی رشتہ دار ہو۔
  • عدالت کو خاص احتیاط اور حساسیت کا مظاہرہ کرنا ہوتا ہے۔
  • بچوں کے بیانات کا خصوصی جائزہ لیا جاتا ہے اور دیگر شواہد کے ساتھ پرکھا جاتا ہے۔

یہ نکات اس اپیل کے قانونی مضمرات کو واضح کرتے ہیں اور عدالتی فیصلے کی بنیاد فراہم کرتے ہیں۔


While the law generally emphasizes the prompt reporting of crimes, courts acknowledge that sexual abuse cases require a more nuanced approach due to their sensitive nature. Delays in reporting such offences cannot be equated with delays in other crimes. Several factors can contribute to delay in reporting child sexual abuse, including trauma, fear, shame, dishonour due to invasive examination by a doctor,6 threat, or a lack of awareness. Consequently, courts in our country do not consider the delay in making a report to the police material unless the circumstances are such that they warrant an adverse view. This is especially true in cases involving child victims of sexual abuse.

A “chance witness” is a person whose presence at the scene of an incident at the critical moment is purely by coincidence. It is not a part of their usual activities or duties. The testimony of a chance witness is considered suspect evidence. It is generally not accepted unless credible and justifiable reasons are provided to establish their presence at the crime scene at the relevant time. Under normal circumstances, the law presumes their absence from the location. Nevertheless, a chance witness is not necessarily a false witness. His evidence should be scrutinized carefully. If a chance witness reasonably explains his presence at the spot and his narration of occurrence inspires confidence, his evidence can be considered along with other evidence. A passerby is not a chance witness when a crime is committed on a public thoroughfare, at a place frequented by the public, or when his house is situated in the close vicinity of the scene of the crime. The version of a chance witness can be accepted to be true if his presence at the place of the incident is not doubtful.

DNA reports in criminal cases can be categorized into three types: positive, negative, and inconclusive, each carrying distinct implications. A positive DNA report conclusively links the accused to the biological evidence found at the crime scene or on the victim, serving as strong corroborative evidence to establish the identity of the perpetrator. However, its evidentiary value depends on safeguards, such as the proper chain of custody, preservation of evidence, and adherence to scientific protocols. Without these safeguards, its reliability may be questioned. Onthe other hand, a negative DNA report indicates no match between the accused’s DNA and the biological material analyzed. Nevertheless, such findings do not necessarily exonerate the accused, as factors like condom use, non-ejaculation, delays in examination, or contamination could explain the absence of DNA. Inconclusive DNA reports arise when forensic analysis fails to produce a definitive result due to issues like degraded samples, insufficient DNA material, or contamination. Such reports neither implicate nor exclude the accused, requiring courts to consider other available evidence to reach a fair conclusion. When the DNA report is negative or inconclusive, courts must consider other evidence, such as medical findings, eyewitness testimony, and circumstantial facts, to determine the accused’s culpability.

Section 375 PPC explicitly defines rape as the penetration of the vagina, mouth, urethra, or anus with any body part or object, regardless of whether seminal discharge occurs. Therefore, even the slightest penetration constitutes rape. The presence of spermatozoa in the victim’s private part is not a prerequisite to establish penetration. The essence of the offence lies in the violation of bodily integrity and autonomy, not the physical outcomes of the act. The law prioritizes the protection of the victim’s dignity and bodily autonomy over the presence of biological evidence like spermatozoa. In a nub, the absence of seminal material is not fatal to the prosecution’s case.

Child abuse cases are among the most challenging to detect and prosecute because the victim is often the sole witness. This difficulty is further compounded when the perpetrator is a parent or close family member. Courts must deal with these cases with extra care and sensitivity, balancing the need to protect children from abuse with the principles of fairness and due process.

Criminal Appeal No. 964/J/2023 Nazar Hussain and another Vs. The State


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